1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 MARKET DEFINITION

1.2 MARKET SEGMENTATION

1.3 RESEARCH TIMELINES

1.4 ASSUMPTIONS

1.5 LIMITATIONS
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 DATA MINING

2.2 SECONDARY RESEARCH

2.3 PRIMARY RESEARCH

2.4 SUBJECT MATTER EXPERT ADVICE

2.5 QUALITY CHECK

2.6 FINAL REVIEW

2.7 DATA TRIANGULATION

2.8 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH

2.9 TOP-DOWN APPROACH

2.10 RESEARCH FLOW

2.11 DATA SOURCES
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3.1 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET OVERVIEW

3.2 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET ESTIMATES AND FORECAST (USD MILLION), 2022-2031

3.3 GLOBAL HARDMASK ECOLOGY MAPPING (% SHARE IN 2023)

3.4 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET ABSOLUTE MARKET OPPORTUNITY

3.5 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS, BY REGION

3.6 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS, BY TYPE

3.7 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS, BY APPLICATION

3.8 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS (CAGR %)

3.9 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE (USD MILLION)

3.10 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION (USD MILLION)

3.11 FUTURE MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
4 MARKET OUTLOOK
4.1 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET EVOLUTION
4.2 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET OUTLOOK
4.3 MARKET DRIVERS

4.3.1 SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY GROWTH

4.3.2 GLOBAL ELECTRONICS DEMAND
4.4 MARKET RESTRAINTS

4.4.1 DEPENDENCY ON SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY

4.4.2 SUPPLY CHAIN DISRUPTIONS
4.5 MARKET TRENDS

4.5.1 FOCUS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY

4.5.2 USE OF ADVANCE HARDMASK MATERIAL
4.6 MARKET OPPORTUNITY

4.6.1 RISING ADOPTION OF 3D NAND FLASH MEMORY

4.6.2 DEVELOPMENTS BY KEY PLAYERS
4.7 REGULATIONS
4.8 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS

4.8.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS

4.8.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES

4.8.3 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS

4.8.4 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS

4.8.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
4.9 MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS
4.10 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
4.11 PRICING ANALYSIS
4.12 PRODUCT LIFELINE
5 MARKET, BY Technology

5.1 OVERVIEW

5.2 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET: BASIS POINT SHARE (BPS) ANALYSIS, BY TYPE

5.3 ACL (AMORPHOUS CARBON LAYER)

5.4 SOH(SPIN ON HARDMASK)

5.5 SILICONE
6 MARKET, BY APPLICATION

6.1 OVERVIEW

6.2 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET: BASIS POINT SHARE (BPS) ANALYSIS, BY APPLICATION

6.3 TRANSISTORS

6.4 MEMS/NEMS DEVICES

6.5 OTHER
7 MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY

7.1 OVERVIEW

7.2 NORTH AMERICA

7.2.1 U.S.

7.2.2 CANADA

7.2.3 MEXICO

7.3 EUROPE

7.3.1 GERMANY

7.3.2 U.K.

7.3.3 FRANCE

7.3.4 ITALY

7.3.5 SPAIN

7.3.6 REST OF EUROPE

7.4 ASIA PACIFIC

7.4.1 CHINA

7.4.2 JAPAN

7.4.3 INDIA

7.4.4 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC

7.5 LATIN AMERICA

7.5.1 BRAZIL

7.5.2 ARGENTINA

7.5.3 REST OF LATIN AMERICA

7.6 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA

7.6.1 UAE

7.6.2 SAUDI ARABIA

7.6.3 SOUTH AFRICA

7.6.4 REST OF MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA
8 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

8.1 COMPANY REGIONAL FOOTPRINT

8.2 COMPANY INDUSTRY FOOTPRINT

8.3 ACE MATRIX

8.3.1 ACTIVE

8.3.2 CUTTING EDGE

8.3.3 EMERGING

8.3.4 INNOVATORS
9 COMPANY PROFILE
9.1 SAMSUNG SDI CO. LTD.

9.1.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

9.1.2 COMPANY INSIGHTS

9.1.3 COMPANY BREAKDOWN

9.1.4 PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

9.1.5 WINNING IMPERATIVES

9.1.6 CURRENT FOCUS & STRATEGIES

9.1.7 THREAT FROM COMPETITION

9.1.8 SWOT ANALYSIS
9.2 JSR CORPORATION

9.2.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

9.2.2 COMPANY INSIGHTS

9.2.3 COMPANY BREAKDOWN

9.2.4 PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

9.2.5 WINNING IMPERATIVES

9.2.6 CURRENT FOCUS & STRATEGIES

9.2.7 THREAT FROM COMPETITION

9.2.8 SWOT ANALYSIS
9.3 MERCK KGAA

9.3.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

9.3.2 COMPANY INSIGHTS

9.3.3 COMPANY BREAKDOWN

9.3.4 PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

9.3.5 KEY DEVELOPMENTS

9.3.6 WINNING IMPERATIVES

9.3.7 CURRENT FOCUS & STRATEGIES

9.3.8 THREAT FROM COMPETITION

9.3.9 SWOT ANALYSIS
9.4 APPLIED MATERIALS, INC.

9.4.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

9.4.2 COMPANY INSIGHTS

9.4.3 COMPANY BREAKDOWN

9.4.4 PRODUCT BENCHMARKING
9.5 SHIN-ETSU CHEMICAL CO., LTD.

9.5.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

9.5.2 COMPANY INSIGHTS

9.5.3 COMPANY BREAKDOWN

9.5.4 PRODUCT BENCHMARKING
9.6 DONGJIN SEMICHEM CO LTD.

9.6.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

9.6.2 COMPANY INSIGHTS

9.6.3 PRODUCT BENCHMARKING
9.7 YCCHEM

9.7.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

9.7.2 COMPANY INSIGHTS

9.7.3 PRODUCT BENCHMARKING
9.8 NANO-C

9.8.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

9.8.2 COMPANY INSIGHTS

9.8.3 PRODUCT BENCHMARKING
9.9 PIBOND OY

9.9.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

9.9.2 COMPANY INSIGHTS

9.9.3 PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

9.9.4 KEY DEVELOPMENTS
9.10 DNF CO. LTD.

9.10.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

9.10.2 COMPANY INSIGHTS

9.10.3 PRODUCT BENCHMARKING
9.11 IRRESISTIBLE MATERIALS LTD

9.11.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW

9.11.2 COMPANY INSIGHTS

9.11.3 PRODUCT BENCHMARKING
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 PROJECTED REAL GDP GROWTH (ANNUAL PERCENTAGE CHANGE) OF KEY COUNTRIES

TABLE 2 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 3 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 4 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 5 NORTH AMERICA HARDMASK MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 6 NORTH AMERICA HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 7 NORTH AMERICA HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 8 U.S. HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 9 U.S. HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 10 CANADA HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 11 CANADA HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 12 MEXICO HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 13 MEXICO HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 14 EUROPE HARDMASK MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 15 EUROPE HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 16 EUROPE HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 17 GERMANY HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 18 GERMANY HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 19 U.K. HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 20 U.K. HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 21 FRANCE HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 22 FRANCE HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 23 ITALY HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 24 ITALY HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 25 SPAIN HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 26 SPAIN HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 27 REST OF EUROPE HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 28 REST OF EUROPE HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 29 ASIA PACIFIC HARDMASK MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 30 ASIA PACIFIC HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 31 ASIA PACIFIC HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 32 CHINA HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 33 CHINA HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 34 JAPAN HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 35 JAPAN HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 36 INDIA HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 37 INDIA HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 38 REST OF APAC HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 39 REST OF APAC HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 40 LATIN AMERICA HARDMASK MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 41 LATIN AMERICA HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 42 LATIN AMERICA HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 43 BRAZIL HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 44 BRAZIL HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 45 ARGENTINA HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 46 ARGENTINA HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 47 REST OF LATAM HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 48 REST OF LATAM HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 49 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA HARDMASK MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 50 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 51 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 52 UAE HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 53 UAE HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 54 SAUDI ARABIA HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 55 SAUDI ARABIA HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 56 SOUTH AFRICA HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 57 SOUTH AFRICA HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 58 REST OF MEA HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 59 REST OF MEA HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 60 COMPANY REGIONAL FOOTPRINT

TABLE 61 COMPANY INDUSTRY FOOTPRINT

TABLE 62 TOP PLAYERS OF ACL(AMORPHOUS CARBON LAYER) AND SOH(SPIN ON HARDMASK)

TABLE 64 SAMSUNG SDI CO. LTD.: PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

TABLE 65 SAMSUNG SDI CO. LTD.: WINNING IMPERATIVES

TABLE 66 JSR CORPORATION: PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

TABLE 67 JSR CORPORATION.: WINNING IMPERATIVES

TABLE 68 MERCK KGAA: PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

TABLE 69 MERCK KGAA: KEY DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 70 MERCK KGAA: WINNING IMPERATIVES

TABLE 71 APPLIED MATERIALS, INC.: PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

TABLE 72 SHIN-ETSU CHEMICAL CO., LTD.: PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

TABLE 73 DONGJIN SEMICHEM CO LTD: PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

TABLE 74 YCCHEM: PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

TABLE 75 NANO-C: PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

TABLE 76 PIBOND OY: PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

TABLE 77 PIBOND OY: KEY DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 78 DNF CO. LTD.: PRODUCT BENCHMARKING

TABLE 79 IRRESISTIBLE MATERIALS LTD: PRODUCT BENCHMARKING
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET SEGMENTATION

FIGURE 2 RESEARCH TIMELINES

FIGURE 3 DATA TRIANGULATION

FIGURE 4 MARKET RESEARCH FLOW

FIGURE 5 DATA SOURCES

FIGURE 6 SUMMARY

FIGURE 7 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET ESTIMATES AND FORECAST (USD MILLION), 2022-2031

FIGURE 8 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET ABSOLUTE MARKET OPPORTUNITY

FIGURE 9 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS, BY REGION

FIGURE 10 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS, BY TYPE

FIGURE 11 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS, BY APPLICATION

FIGURE 12 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS, 2024-30

FIGURE 13 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE (USD MILLION)

FIGURE 14 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION (USD MILLION)

FIGURE 15 FUTURE MARKET OPPORTUNITIES

FIGURE 1 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET OUTLOOK

FIGURE 2 MARKET DRIVERS_IMPACT ANALYSIS

FIGURE 3 RESTRAINTS_IMPACT ANALYSIS

FIGURE 4 KEY TRENDS

FIGURE 5 MARKET OPPORTNITY _IMPACT ANALYSIS

FIGURE 6 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS

FIGURE 7 PRODUCT LIFELINE: HARDMASK MARKET

FIGURE 8 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET, BY TYPE, VALUE SHARES IN 2023

FIGURE 9 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET BASIS POINT SHARE (BPS) ANALYSIS, BY TYPE

FIGURE 10 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET, BY APPLICATION

FIGURE 11 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET BASIS POINT SHARE (BPS) ANALYSIS, BY APPLICATION

FIGURE 12 GLOBAL HARDMASK MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2022-2031 (USD MILLION)

FIGURE 13 NORTH AMERICA MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 14 U.S. MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 15 CANADA MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 16 MEXICO MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 17 EUROPE MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 18 GERMANY MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 19 U.K. MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 20 FRANCE MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 21 ITALY MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 22 SPAIN MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 23 REST OF EUROPE MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 24 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 25 CHINA MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 26 JAPAN MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 27 INDIA MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 28 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 29 LATIN AMERICA MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 30 BRAZIL MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 31 ARGENTINA MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 32 REST OF LATIN AMERICA MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 33 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 34 UAE MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 35 SAUDI ARABIA MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 36 SOUTH AFRICA MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 37 REST OF MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET SNAPSHOT

FIGURE 3 SAMSUNG SDI CO. LTD.: COMPANY INSIGHT

FIGURE 4 SAMSUNG SDI CO. LTD.: SEGMENT BREAKDOWN

FIGURE 5 SAMSUNG SDI CO. LTD.: SWOT ANALYSIS

FIGURE 6 JSR CORPORATION: COMPANY INSIGHT

FIGURE 7 JSR CORPORATION: SEGMENT BREAKDOWN

FIGURE 8 JSR CORPORATION.: SWOT ANALYSIS

FIGURE 9 MERCK KGAA: COMPANY INSIGHT

FIGURE 10 MERCK KGAA: SEGMENT BREAKDOWN

FIGURE 11 MERCK KGAA: SWOT ANALYSIS

FIGURE 12 APPLIED MATERIALS, INC.: COMPANY INSIGHT

FIGURE 13 APPLIED MATERIALS, INC.: SEGMENT BREAKDOWN

FIGURE 14 SHIN-ETSU CHEMICAL CO., LTD.: COMPANY INSIGHT

FIGURE 15 SHIN-ETSU CHEMICAL CO., LTD.: SEGMENT BREAKDOWN

FIGURE 16 DONGJIN SEMICHEM CO LTD: COMPANY INSIGHT

FIGURE 17 YCCHEM: COMPANY INSIGHT

FIGURE 18 NANO-C: COMPANY INSIGHT

FIGURE 19 PIBOND OY: COMPANY INSIGHT

FIGURE 20 DNF CO. LTD.: COMPANY INSIGHT

FIGURE 21 IRRESISTIBLE MATERIALS LTD: COMPANY INSIGHT

The research starts with the extensive procurement process of data/information and statistics from company annual reports, government websites, statistics agencies, and paid databases. This information creates a base for the study. The information also helps to define the scope and to narrow down the area for study for the market. This raw information is processed and analyzed to extract crisp data points which currently affect or are likely to affect the industry during the forecast period. After analyzing the information, a proprietary statistical tool is used for market estimation and forecast, which generates the quantitative figures of the market/sub-segments in the current scenario as well as for the forecast period. 

After estimating the markets and estimates, the numbers are verified with industry participants and key opinion leaders. The wide network of industry participants add value to the research and verify the numbers and estimates provided in the study. At the last stage of the research process, a final report is prepared, which is then published on different websites as well as distributed through various channels. The below figure contains the different stages of the research process to produce the report.

1.1 DATA MINING
Data mining is an extensive part of our research process. It involves the procurement of market data and related information from different verified and credible sources. This step helps to obtain raw information about the industry and their Drivetrain, the monetary process for different end uses, the pool of market participants, and the nature of the industry and scope of the study. The data mining stage comprises both primary and secondary sources of information.
1.2 SECONDARY RESEARCH
In the secondary research process, various sources are used to identify and gather industry trends and information for the research process. We at TRI have access to some of the most diversified and extensive paid databases, which give us the most accurate data/information on markets Customers, and pricing. Mentioned below is a detailed list of sources that have been used for this study. Please note that this list is not limited to the names as mentioned; we also access other data sources depending on the need.
1.3 PRIMARY RESEARCH
In the primary research process, in-depth primary interviews are conducted with the CXOs to understand the market share, customer base, pricing strategies, channel partners, and other necessary information. Besides, in-depth primary interviews are conducted with the CXOs of vendors, channel partners, and others to validate the supply-side information. In addition, various key industry participants from both the supply and demand side are interviewed to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on the market. In-depth interviews with key primary respondents, including industry professionals, subject matter experts (Corporates), industry consultants, and C-Component executives of major companies, are conducted to obtain critical qualitative and quantitative information pertaining to the market, as well as to assess the prospects for market growth during the forecast period. Detailed information on these primary respondents is mentioned below. 
1.4 FORCASTING TECHNIQUES
We at Markstats Research Insights Private Limited follow an extensive process for arriving at market estimations, which involves the use of multiple forecasting techniques as mentioned below.